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Journal receives papers in continuous flow and we will consider articles from a wide range of Information Technology disciplines encompassing the most basic research to the most innovative technologies. Please submit your papers electronically to our submission system at http://jatit.org/submit_paper.php in an MSWord, Pdf or compatible format so that they may be evaluated for publication in the upcoming issue. This journal uses a blinded review process; please remember to include all your personal identifiable information in the manuscript before submitting it for review, we will edit the necessary information at our side. Submissions to JATIT should be full research / review papers (properly indicated below main title).

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
February 2021 | Vol. 99 No.03

Title:	ROBUST DATA TRANSFER PARADIGM BASED ON VLC TECHNOLOGIES
Author:	KARLYGASH ALIBEKKYZY, WALDEMAR WOJCIK, VYACHESLAV KORNEV, SAULE BELGINOVA
Abstract:	The article considers methods for improving the system quality of VLC systems design and operation. VLC technologies represent a system that consists of functions and software The main function of the VLC system is data transmission based on LED technologies. According to ISO / IEC 17025-2000, ISO 5725-2002-the main importance is given to metrological support. VLC systems are particularly critical to the stability of operating modes, they are demanding to control modes and operating conditions, to choose the technical parameters of the component base during design. Robustness can be considered an integral indicator of the overall quality of the VLC system. Taking this into account, as a robust paradigm, we study its functional part, in the scope of structural modeling, using the example of an optoelectronic channel for VLC information transmission, including some technical solutions, and the quality of control and measuring processes as a metrological component of robust system support. As a quantitative assessment of functional robustness, it is proposed to use control risks and the correlation function of the connection between “input” and “output”, which evaluates the quality of the data transmission channel. Mathematical and simulation models, as well as application software, were developed to assess and predict control risks. A method of qualitative integrated assessment of the robustness of the VLC system according to the Harrington and Chaddock criteria is proposed, which showed the values of: "Good" and "High".
Keywords:	System, LED, Photodiode, Robustness, VLC Technologies, Reliability, Errors, Metrology, Software, Simulation Models
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE ELITISM OPERATOR IN FIREFLY ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMIZATION OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL SEARCH
Author:	ABDULKARIM SALEH MASOUD ALI A, ROZMIE R. OTHMAN, YM YACOB
Abstract:	There are two important components in a meta-heuristic algorithm, namely, Diversification and Intensification. These components can be fine-tuned for the optimized execution of a meta-heuristic search algorithm. The firefly algorithm (FA) is the latest in a series of meta-heuristic algorithms. Although the FA has proven to be efficient in local searches, there are times when it might get trapped in several local optima, as a result of which it is unable to efficiently conduct a complete search. In the pursuit of global space scaling, this algorithm needs to generate different solutions leveraging on diversification. The function of updating the effectiveness of diversification in a search algorithm can be performed by elitism operators. In this study, a strategy was proposed to upgrade the FA concerning static issues. The methodology involved the hybridization of elitism with the standard firefly algorithm, and this modified version was known as the AFA. Also, another distribution was introduced to revamp the entire search process in the FA using a t-way test generation (t referring to the strength of the interaction). The experimental results demonstrated that the Elitism firefly algorithm (eFA) had better performance than the standard FA and also than the other up to date algorithms in terms of robustness and the convergence speed.
Keywords:	Firefly Algorithm, Elitism, T-way testing, Intensification, And Diversification.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL AND INFORMATION SUPPORT FOR SOLVING PREDICTION TASKS OF A RAILWAY STATION DEVELOPMENT
Author:	MAILYBAYEV Y., UMBETOV U., LAKHNO V., 1OMAROV A., ABUOVA A., AMANOVA M., SAUANOVA K.
Abstract:	The article proposes a method and model of railway station (RWS) infrastructure management, based on the complex implementation of decision support systems (DSS) in the prediction tasks of the development and current assessment of the railway efficiency. The proposed solutions differ from the existing ones by the ability to automate the procedure for generating control action variants using DSS and Microsoft Forms questionnaires. The model described in the chapter allows, on the basis of the modified Delphi method, to conduct a survey and approve expert opinions, taking into account various interval assessments of the degree of development of the railway infrastructure and metrics that assess the degree of efficiency of various technological processes on a particular railway. There were developed and tested in real operating conditions at the railway station the software package "Decision Support System for Control and Prediction of Railway Station Development" and Microsoft Forms for questioning external analysts and internal specialists. DSS and Microsoft Forms are adapted for online work of experts.
Keywords:	decision support system, mathematical support, control, railway station, questionnaire.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS USING MACHINE LEARNING AND ENSEMBLE METHODS ON LARGE SEER DATABASE
Author:	HAJAR SAOUD, ABDERRAHIM GHADI, MOHAMED GHAILANI
Abstract:	Machine learning is a subdomain of artificial intelligence that has proved its performance in the medical fields, especially in the classification of the diseases. In previous researches we tried to classify breast cancer into its two categories using several machine learning algorithms, some algorithms have proved their performance but others have produced a weak accuracy. In this study, we will try to improve the accuracy of weak machine learning algorithms using the normalization/ standardization and the ensemble methods like: voting, stacking, bagging and boosting in the classification of breast cancer disease using the large SEER database and the python library. The goal of this paper is not only the improvement of the classifiers accuracy, but also the proposition of new architecture of breast cancer diagnosis based on SEER database features for predicting breast cancer in the earlier stage and with the right way. All the examined techniques have proved their performance in the improvement of the accuracy of classification of breast cancer, Specially Voting technique. It obtained the higher accuracy except the case of voting all classifiers, but it was enhanced by the normalization/ standardization of features.
Keywords:	SEER, Machine learning, Ensemble methods, Breast cancer, Diagnosis.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	FACTORS THAT AFFECT USER’S INTEREST IN USING WHATSAPP: EVIDENCE FROM JAKARTA METROPOLITAN AREA
Author:	IGNATIUS STEVEN, RIYANTO JAYADI, PRATAMA PUTRA
Abstract:	Many chat applications available in the market, but Whatsapp is currently the most widely used chat application. Meanwhile, many other chat applications failed to attract significant active users. In this study, the factors influencing user interest in using Whatsapp in Jakarta Metropolitan Area are studied. This study is conducted on 400 respondents from the Greater Jakarta area. Based on the research result, system quality, perceived ease of use, trust and trigger are the factors that influence usage. In contrast, information quality and service quality does not affect usage. Besides, it was also found that use affected the variable rewards and the variable rewards also affected re-triggering of the use of the chat application.
Keywords:	chat application, Whatsapp, validity, reliability, Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS)
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	FEATURE EXTRACTION OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PRINCIPAL COMPONENT AND RANDOM SUBSPACE DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS
Author:	AOW YONG LI YEW , MOHD SHAFRY MOHD RAHIM
Abstract:	Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the diseases which brings great influences on the lives of the people. AD classification can serve as a supportive tool to help the doctor to analyze the brain images. One of the important steps in AD classification is feature extraction. Among the feature extraction techniques, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a widely used machine learning approach. Nevertheless, it is hard to decide the number of dimensions to be extracted after the transformation. The accuracy of the classification can be greatly affected by the number of dimensions to be chosen. Therefore, this paper has developed a feature extraction method based on principal component and random subspace discriminant analysis (PCRSDA) to extract and select the features. The selection of the number of dimensions was determined by 10-fold cross validation where the features were selected randomly without replacement. The dataset in this paper was collected from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database across four time points. The classification results were 81%, 84%, 87% and 87% at time point of 24 months before stable diagnosis, 18 months before stable diagnosis, 12 months before stable diagnosis and at the stable diagnosis time point, respectively.
Keywords:	Alzheimer’s Disease, Principal Component Analysis, Feature Extraction, Classification, Machine Learning
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	IMPROVING TRAFFIC CONGESTION ASSESSMENT BY USING FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH
Author:	HANANI FATIMA, SOULHI AZIZ
Abstract:	In a smart transport context, traffic density can usually only be calculated by monitoring traffic conditions in real time using heavy and expensive technical installations. In this paper, we present a new method for estimating traffic density based on a fuzzy logic approach. In addition, our method will allow the integration of urban planning aspects (built environment) in the planning of intelligent transportation initiatives. Indeed, the system we propose will allow to estimate the traffic density of an area through its urban characteristics. To do so, we will use three urban characteristics, namely distance to public transit, job accessibility, and land use distribution, as inputs for our fuzzy system. Our work confirms that urban form can perform an important role in reducing traffic density and thus minimizing the risk of congestion.
Keywords:	Smart Transport, Fuzzy logic, Urban form, Congestion, Traffic Density
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	THE NEED FOR DOMAIN EXPERT IN DATA MINING APPLICATION
Author:	SEUN EBIESUWA, TAYO OMOLARA, ADEKUNLE A. YINKA, OHWO ONOME BLAISE, ADESINA ADIO
Abstract:	In this paper we have focused a variety of Data mining techniques, approaches and applications areas which has been helpful in the important field of data mining Technologies. Organizations are operated from various geographical locations, and such operation may generate large volumes of data. The data is warehoused and used by corporate decision makers to take strategic decisions in the significant business value. Thus, improving the effectiveness of managerial decision-making. Based on the aforementioned, a comparative analysis was conducted to compare data mining techniques in various domains. To examine the need for domain expert. The value of such domain expert is easily recognized. This has drastically changed the areas of science and engineering.
Keywords:	Data Mining, Business Intelligence, Big Data, Knowledge Discovery in Database, Domain Knowledge.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	OPTIMIZATION MODEL IN PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES TO SUPPORT SMART CITIES
Author:	A M H PARDEDE, N NOVRIYENNI, L A N KADIM, R BUATON
Abstract:	The provision of health services for sufferers of Covid 19 needs to be improved because the availability of resources in public health services cannot guarantee that it will always be sufficient to meet maximum service needs, but if the availability of excess resources can also cause waste. If resources in the service center are minimal, it can result in service requests not being fulfilled, this problem needs to be handled better so as not to harm service providers and those requesting services. When a patient needs health services, the patient will provide information on the priority level or the emergency of the patient's condition, the location of the patient, and the type of service he wants based on his needs, this information will be received by the service provider so that information on requests for health services can be scheduled by the hospital as the owner of the server resource. health service providers, medical personnel, doctors, health experts, operational support personnel, and other supporting equipment. Synchronizing data between available resources on the server allocates time for each health service which maximizes the use of limited resources to provide maximum health services to patients. The purpose of this study is to obtain a public health service optimization model that can be used to support the achievement of smart cities by using linear integer programs so that the model produced in this study can solve the problem of limited resources owned by service centers in providing services. All requests for services by patients can be done optimally but minimize all costs incurred, and can reduce the risk that can endanger the patient or the risk of patient death. This new model succeeded in maximizing health services according to patient demand and minimizing the arrival time of medical personnel according to patient requests. This model obtains the information that the maximum value of the objective function is 94.00 at the 30th iteration stage.
Keywords:	Model, Health Service, Smart City, Smart Service.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE STATE MACHINE MODEL FOR MONITORING THE ACADEMIC PROGRESSION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Author:	ANICHEBE GREGORY EMEKA , OGBENE NNAEMEKA EMEKA , EZEORA JOHNSON NNAMDI , ATANDA AMINAT OLUCHI
Abstract:	The automated examination result processing system (AERPS) which is currently used by many tertiary institutions in Nigeria and beyond for monitoring students’ academic progression (from their first year of study till their possible graduation from school) is deficient to a large extent. This is because the AERPS uses only the CGPA of students as the yardstick for determining such progression out of several other factors like: (i) a student’s academic duration in school, (ii) a student’s CGPA benchmark, (ii) a student’s examination and moral misconducts in school, etc. These factors are very paramount in ascertaining a student’s true academic state so that an appropriate action can be taken on the student for proper academic and moral nurturing such as: promoting him/her to the next level of study, or placing him/her on one year probation, or suspending/expelling him/her from school, etc. The aim of this work, therefore, is to develop a finite state machine model that will incorporate all these multi-faceted factors affecting the academic progression of an undergraduate student for effective monitoring. A mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methodology was used in developing the mathematical models required for simulating the input data of students. The generated input data was used by the FSM model to simulate the academic progression of 25 first year students for one academic session. Results showed that, using the 95% confidence interval of the t-distribution, the FSM model is better than the AERPS technique in determining the true academic state of a student. This ensures that every student is properly screened in character and learning before graduating. It also helps course advisers/lecturers in counselling students properly during course registration as well as in writing unbiased referee reports about them when needed.
Keywords:	Finite State Machine, Model, Academic Progression, Automated Examination Result Processing System, Simulation
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	NEW APPROACH TO ELIMINATE NOISE ATTENDANTS ECG SIGNAL CORRUPTED
Author:	THAIR A. SALIH
Abstract:	The electrocardiogram signal for humans is very weak physiologically and in low frequency, and it is usually performed to detect the presence of an irregular heartbeat, as well as to diagnose the causes of chest pain, especially to ensure that there is no heart attack. This signal is captured by electrodes attached to the surface of human skin. As a result of the phenomenon of polarization between the electrode and the skin tissue, this will lead to dangerous interference in the ECG signal such as external electromagnetic field interference from power line intrusion, noise from random body movements, breathing movements, EMG noise, which must be removed before diagnosis. This study proposes to design and implemented three types of band-stop filters (Butterworth, Notch, and LMS adaptive stop-band filters) based on field-programmable analog array technology to process the damaged ECG signal. The properties of these filters have been improved and their parameters are calculated to minimize the noise from corrupted ECG signals. The obtained results clearly show that the proposed filters are effective in eliminating noise due to the fact that all parameters are significantly improved in comparison with the damaged signal is an indication that the proposed digital filters are working satisfactorily. The results which are given by the adaptive LMS filter provides the best performance compared with the other band-stop filters through improving the signal-to-noise ratio (20.423 dB). The Notch filter offers obvious advantages and achieves a signal strength of 0.342 dB after filtration and retaining detailed information on the QRS complex of the ECG, which is significant for the feature extraction of ECG signals and for pathological diagnosis.
Keywords:	ECG Signa,l Notch Filter, Adaptive Filter, Butterworth Filter, FPAA.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	A HYBRID METHOD INTEGRATING A RANK-BASED ANT SYSTEM ALGORITHM WITH INSERT AND SWAP ALGORITHM FOR THE CAPACITATED VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEM SOLUTION
Author:	AASAAD SHAKIR HAMEED , M.A. BURHANUDDIN1, MODHI LAFTA MUTAR , NGO HEA CHOON , RUWAIDAH F. ALBADRI , AND MOHAMMED SAAD TALIB
Abstract:	This study focused on solving the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). Here, the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is generalized. The two problems are highly related, and solving them is the key to solving many optimization Problems and applications in real life, particularly in the field of transport and distribution. The hybrid Rank-Based Ant System (HAS_rank) Algorithm that is presented in this research, relies on the principle of combining insert and swap algorithms, with the aim of improving tours and reducing transmission and distribution costs. To test the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid algorithm, the results of the study have been evaluated with the results of the standardized CVRP, in addition to comparing the results with those obtained in other studies. The results of the comparisons proved that the performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of finding optimal solutions, is better than those of other algorithms to find optimal solutions.
Keywords:	Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem, Elite Ants, Savings Algorithm, 3-Opt Local Search Algorithm.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	IMPROVED DFIG SYSTEM BEHAVIOR WITH SMES SYSTEM DURING VOLTAGE SAG
Author:	TARIQ RIOUCH , RACHID EL-BACHTIRI
Abstract:	This paper proposes a system using a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) for smoothen the fluctuation power of the wind turbine (WT) injected to electrical grid, and to enhance the behavior of a WT system during the fault. The Doubly Fed Induction generator (DFIG) has two main problems; first, it is very sensitive to voltage variation, because the stator of DFIG is connected directly to the grid, second is the abrupt variation of the wind velocity causes the fluctuations of the WT output power injected into electrical grid. In order to improve the behavior of the DFIG, to protect the power converter and to smooth the output power fluctuations under faults, an adequate SMES system and it’s control are proposed, The simulations are conducted using the proposed control strategy and the traditional control strategy based on MATLAB/Simulink, The results shown the effectiveness of the proposed control.
Keywords:	Wind power generation; Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); Superconducting magnet energy storage (SMES); voltage sag, Power fluctuation.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	THE SYNTHETIC HAZE SIMULATION BASED ON VISIBILITY RANGE FOR DEHAZING METHOD IN SINGLE IMAGE
Author:	SARUDIN KARI, NOOR ASMA HUSAIN, ABDULLAH BADE, MOHD SHAFRY MOHD RAHIM
Abstract:	Outdoor images are typically degraded by light scattering and absorption from aerosols, such as dust, mist, and smoke in the atmosphere. Because of poor visibility, dimmed brightness, low contrast, and colour distortion, these phenomenons affect the captured image. Therefore, it is a critical challenge to recover pictures taken in a haze condition, which is called image dehazing. The primary aim of image dehazing is to improve details on visibility, edge, and texture and retain the image structure and colours without data loss. There are no proven benchmarks for their assessment, despite the many algorithms suggested for single image dehazing. In previous publications, arbitrary comparisons were mostly focused on a small number of images, with different publications using different sets of images. This paper presents a new dataset that includes image pairs of hazy and corresponding outdoor images that are haze-free (ground-truth). Most of the current hazy database presented in a single image simulated synthetic haze indicated complicated calculation of the depth map. Unlike most of the current dehazing databases, a synthetic haze, which is determined by the atmospheric scattering algorithm derived from the actual distance from the camera to the scene object, has simulated hazy images. In the separate range, the synthetic haze derivation referred from the meteorological range explicitly based on haze conditions. On a clear day as referred to as a low Air Pollutant Index, this experiment simulated synthetic haze in the Malaysian outdoor scene. The haze simulation illustrates how this approach can lead to better outcomes in the measurement of image quality than the current state-of-the-art dehazing method.
Keywords:	Haze, atmospheric scattering model, dehazing, synthetic haze)
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	THE DYNAMIC TRANSMISSION MAP FOR DEHAZING METHOD IN SINGLE IMAGE WITH TROPICAL ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
Author:	NOOR ASMA HUSAIN, MOHD SHAFRY MOHD RAHIM, SARUDIN KARI, ABDULLAH BADE, HUMA CHAUDHRY
Abstract:	Normally, outdoor images are degraded by light scattering and absorption from the atmosphere's dust, mist, haze, and smoke. These affect the image captured and cause poor visibility, dimmed luminosity, low contrast, and colour distortion. Therefore, it is crucial to restoring images captured, especially in haze conditions called image dehazing. The crucial aim of image dehazing is to improve the details on visibility, edge, and texture and retain the structure and colours of the image without data loss. Most algorithmic methods, considering the large number of algorithms suggested for single image dehazing, introduce dehazing at a certain haze level. There is a lack of a dehazing algorithm focused on the visibility range to overcome several haze levels. This paper proposes an improvement of the dehazing algorithm based on the meteorological visibility range with a dynamic transmission map to fix this problem This algorithm focuses on removing haze at different levels based on the determination of the visibility range, which is different from most existing dehazing algorithms. The dehazing algorithm emphasizes this proposed method contribute to better image quality than the existing state-of-the-art dehazing process.
Keywords:	Haze, Atmospheric Scattering Model, Image Dehazing, Scattering Coefficient, Transmission Map
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	THE ALGORITHM FOR FINDING THE FRACTAL DIMENSION OF CONTROL ACTIONS IN ACTIVE SYSTEMS
Author:	NURBEK SAPARKHOJAYEV, RUSTAM ABDRAKHMANOV, NASIM RUSTAMOV, GAUKHAR DUISENOVA
Abstract:	The paper considers the issue associated with a change in the structure of an organization, defined as an active Аs system, under conditions of market turbulence. Such a change is carried out on the basis of using the fractality of the organization’s potential P A_s/o, consisting of three components: external potential P A_s/ext, internal potential PA_s/int and management potential PA_s/mng, in their activities. The concept of fractalization of Аs structures in the planning procedure π is advanced. Based on this concept, a procedure for evaluating the management efficiency of an active Аs system is given. An algorithm is proposed for finding the fractal dimension D of control actions that regulates the activity of Аs in a turbulent market environment. It is stated that the fractal Ac model is the pinnacle of organizational structures with tremendous potential. In addition, this model demonstrates amazing survivability in any environment, both turbulent, ordered, and chaotic.
Keywords:	Active System, Fractal Model, Fractal Dimension, Market Turbulence, Potential Of The Active System, Planning Procedure, Controlling Influence.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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Title:	THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL NETWORKS ON STUDENT’S ACADEMIC GROUP PERFORMANCE IN A COLLABORATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Author:	ARASH BAYAT SHAHBAZI, NOORMINSHAH A.IAHAD, NORASNITA AHMAD, ABDELSALAM BUSALIM
Abstract:	For years universities and colleges have been proposing new methods to enhance students’ skills for team working. The development of information and communication technology plays an important role in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of tasks such as teaching and learning. One of the factors that have been proven to affect performance using information technology (IT) is Task Technology Fit. It has also been shown that Collaborative Technologies such as social networks can be an effective tool to encourage students to engage in communication, express their opinions and challenge the ideas of others. This study attempt to alleviate the literature gap, regarding the effect of social networks on student’s academic group performance in computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environment in the context of Malaysia. A questionnaire was developed based on the Technology to Performance Chain model and it was used as the main data collection method for this study, in order to investigate how social networks can influence students’ group performance in a CSCL environment. The questionnaire was distributed among 129 students in one of the Malaysian public universities. User Satisfaction was added to this model as a new construct, and instead of the common learning management systems, a Social Network (SN) platform (Edmodo) was used. Edmodo was introduced to the students in the beginning of the semester and they were asked to use it in their studies as an e-learning platform. The result obtained from this study, showed that task technology fit has a strong influence on performance impact. Expected consequences of the use did not affect the performance, and social norm plays an important role in performance impact, contrary to common belief. However, user satisfaction did not have a direct influence on performance but an indirect one by increasing SN Utilization.
Keywords:	Information Technology, Technology to Performance Chain, Task Technology Fit, Collaborative technology, Computer supported collaborative learning.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 15^th February 2021 -- Vol. 99. No. 03 -- 2021
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