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Journal receives papers in continuous flow and we will consider articles from a wide range of Information Technology disciplines encompassing the most basic research to the most innovative technologies. Please submit your papers electronically to our submission system at http://jatit.org/submit_paper.php in an MSWord, Pdf or compatible format so that they may be evaluated for publication in the upcoming issue. This journal uses a blinded review process; please remember to include all your personal identifiable information in the manuscript before submitting it for review, we will edit the necessary information at our side. Submissions to JATIT should be full research / review papers (properly indicated below main title).

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
June 2015 | Vol. 76 No.3

Title:	UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF WEB LAYOUT AND EMOTIONAL CHANGES TOWARDS NAVIGATION BEHAVIOUR AMONG VISUALLY IMPAIRED USERS
Author:	BAVANI RAMAYAH, AZIZAH JAAFAR
Abstract:	Facebook is the largest social network and it’s widely used by everyone. Facebook consists of webpages designed in modular layouts. Assistive technologies such as screen readers not able interpret the content in complex layout to visually impaired (VI) users. This causes lots of troubles to VI users. In order to understand the impact of layout to VI users’ navigation behavior, we conducted a comparison study of how VI users navigate in Facebook desktop and mobile version. Besides, this article examines the relationships between users’ emotions and their navigation behavior in complex layout. The result shows that VI users prefer Facebook mobile version compares to desktop version. The study revealed that there is a strong relationship between users’ emotions and their navigation behavior. The understanding of VI users’ navigation behavior and their emotions changes can help web designers to bridge the gap between the user and system.
Keywords:	Facebook, Modular Layout, Visually Impaired Users, Emotion
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	FRAMEWORK FOR PROVIDING ACCESS TO WEB DATA BASES USING BUDGET AWARE ROLE BASED ACCESS CONTROL
Author:	NIRMALRANI V, SAKTHIVEL P
Abstract:	In Dynamic Environments such as World Wide Web, Role Based Access Control (RBAC) has been one of the challenging factors. In RBAC, wide ranges of authorized task have been carried out by the users for regulating the user’s action dynamically. Regulating access to computers or network resources is based on individual user within an enterprise. To define the roles, enterprises use authority, responsibility, job competency, etc. When the need arises, the administrator can provide the service access to users. An authorized user may misuse the granted permissions purposely or unfortunately, even though the policies are assigned correctly to them. Most of the enterprise databases are stored over the web. Many web databases are vulnerable to misuse by the authorized users. To avoid such issues, this paper proposes a framework using Budget-Aware Role Based Access Control (BARBAC). The issues can be overcome by providing budget and cost to the users for accessing the resources, where users are assigned with a limited budget; users pay the cost of permits they needed to access the resources. Much more desirable properties have been included in this framework to enhance the accessibility. Unassigned permissions are acquired by the users. The user’s misuse capability is also bounded by their allocated budget. It also provides a uniform mechanism to detect and prevent misuse.
Keywords:	Budget, Role, Delegation, Access Control, Privilege
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	A POWER SAVING VARYING CACHE WAYS ARCHITECTURE
Author:	S. SUBHA
Abstract:	Extending the cache ways in conflict sets to alternate set has been proposed in literature. Selectively enabling cache ways to save energy is proposed in literature. This paper enables occupied ways in mapped sets and alternate sets increasing the cache associativity saving energy. The model consists of variable cache ways extending the ways of conflict set to alternate set. The occupied ways are enabled. The alternate set is chosen as the set with maximum unoccupied ways. The proposed model is simulated with SPEC2K benchmarks. On an average there is improvement in power consumption by 10.6% for the chosen cache size of 256 sets with associativities of 4,8,16,32. The percentage of power improvement for L1 sizes remains same with increase in number of sets of same capacity. It increases slightly from 256x4 to 256x32 level one cache size. The average memory access time is comparable with the chosen model for the chosen cache parameters.
Keywords:	Average Memory Access, Cache Power, Variable Cache Ways, Set Associative Cache, Selective Cache Way Enabling
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	AN EFFICIENT MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR SAVING ENERGY IN WSN ROUTING PROTOCOL
Author:	EMAD MOHAMMED IBBINI , KWEH YEAH LUN, MOHAMAD OTHMAN, ZURINA MOHD HANAPI , MOHAMMED S IBBINI
Abstract:	The issue of energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a prime consideration. Therefore, we propose an energy-saving scheme for use in wireless sensor networks and this the goal of this Research. The proposed protocol is a mixture of the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and mediation device (MD) protocols. It combines the advantages of both. The suggested protocol includes a mechanism for avoiding the collisions that exist in the MD protocols. Also, it allows the cluster head to be in sleep mode if there is no data to be sent. (In addition, MD Device in the proposed protocol will send ID to the node which will send the data to the cluster head that avoid collision signals that unfortunately happen in MD protocols and know which node sent data). This is in contrast to the LEACH protocol and MD protocol, where the cluster head is always switched on. Placing the cluster head in sleep mode contributes to reducing energy consumption.In the proposed scheme, clustering is used as in LEACH, but the cluster head is asleep by default. However, when a sensor node has data to send, it informs the MD, which then awakens the cluster head, making it ready for receiving sensor data. To evaluate the proposed scheme, we suggest a mathematical model that estimates the energy that the scheme saves as compared with LEACH. The results show that substantial energy saving is possible when the cluster head can be placed in sleep mode for a large percentage of time. Intuitively, this time percentage is higher when sensors have less data to send.
Keywords:	WSN ,Energy Saving, LEACH , Sleep , Wake up ,Routing
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	A SURVEY OF ROUTING MAC TECHNIQUES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ROUTING PROTOCOL
Author:	EMAD MOHAMMED IBBINI , KWEH YEAH LUN, MOHAMAD OTHMAN, ZURINA MOHD HANAPI , MOHAMMED S IBBINI
Abstract:	A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) contains a random number of sensors distributed in the environment to monitor physical conditions. In the following, a survey of MAC routing mechanisms in WSN is presented and discussed. One of the most important issues in WSN is the issue of energy efficiency of the routing protocols. The importance of this issue stems from the fact that the nodes have usually a life time and this life time can be extended by saving more energy by using efficient routing techniques. In the following, we present a survey of the MAC routing mechanisms in WSN. Firstly, an outline of the architecture challenges for routing protocols in WSN is given according to the system tradeoffs between the power and communication overhead savings in different routing techniques. Secondly, advantages and disadvantages for each routing protocol are presented and discussed. In this survey, we will concentrate only on some protocols like Data Centric, Hierarchal and other related energy saving protocols. In addition, we will discuss some of the surveyed protocols results, comparisons and conclusions.
Keywords:	WSN, MAC, Routing Protocols, Low Energy, Energy Efficiency.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	A REVIEW ON DECISION MAKING OF RISK MITIGATION FOR SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT
Author:	NORAINI CHE PA, BOKOLO ANTHONY JNR
Abstract:	Decision making (DM) is one of the main phases in risk mitigation for software management. DM is undeniably an essential phase in risk mitigation. Every decision has a different level of influence or impact in software management. In order to come up with the best choices, it’s necessary to go through the decision making process and adopt an optimal decision making model or tool to aid risk decisions in risk mitigation. Many studies have been accompanied for viewing the issues from different aspects based on a systematic method which is called Systematic Literature Review (SLR). This review identifies the process, factors, frameworks, models of DM of risk mitigation in software management. The findings of this review indicate that DM is one of the complications in mitigating risk in software management.
Keywords:	Decision Making, Risk Mitigation, Risk Management and Software Management
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	ICT USAGE PATTERNS AMONG RURAL ADOLESCENTS
Author:	TENGKU SITI MERIAM TENGKU WOOK, HAIRULLIZA MOHD JUDI, NORAIDAH SHAARI@ASHAARI, NOR AZAN MAT ZIN, ZAWIYAH MOHD YUSOF, ZURINA MUDA, ZULAIHA ALI OTHMAN
Abstract:	The government of Malaysia has emphasized the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for developing the rural community It is important to investigate the ICT usage among the rural adolescents particularly its effect on of socio-demographic This study seek to identify the ICT usage patterns among rural adolescents in Bukit Serampang, Johor, Malaysia. A survey with nominal research data was adopted as the method for the study. A descriptive and inference analysis through questionnaire involving 477 adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years old was carried out. Findings from the analysis suggest that the respondents who are of generation Y responded positively and prominently towards ICT usage including the tools such as computers, ipads, ipods, smartphones and other gadgets which use internet facility. It has also been found that in overall there is a significant difference in ICT usage between genders and age groups of the male and female adolescents.
Keywords:	ICT Usage, Socio-economy, ICT Skills and Pattern, Rural Adolescents and ICT gender.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	MODELING OF SPEECH SYNTHESIS USING INTELLIGENT SYSTEM BASED ON PROLOG
Author:	TEBBI HANANE, HAMADOUCHE MAAMAR, AZZOUNE HAMID
Abstract:	In this work, we present our Expert System for the automatic reading of a text written in Standard Arabic based on logic programming. To accomplish this, we have gone through three stages: Firstly, the creation of a knowledge base that contains different rules which determine the pronunciation of Arabic words and a set of the exceptions words; Secondly, the creation of a sound database that contains specific sounds (phonemes, diphones) to that language, spoken by a female speaker; Finally, the implementation of the system itself that will ensure the transformation of the written text into a spoken text. This transformation is performed by two manners; linguistic processing for converting graphemes phonemes "produce a phonetic text of the written text" and another acoustic treatment for the generation of the sound signal "play a sound corresponding to the resulting phonetic chain of the transcription step». This last step is achieved using a logic programming language which is less used nowadays, but represents in our opinion the cornerstone of logic programming languages, especially for natural language processing; Prolog.
Keywords:	Intelligent System, Artificial Intelligence, Speech Synthesis, Standard Arabic, Prolog, Logic Programming.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	ARCHAEOLOGICAL FRAGMENTS CLASSIFICATION BASED ON RGB COLOR AND TEXTURE FEATURES
Author:	NADA A. RASHEED, MD JAN NORDIN
Abstract:	Artifacts are often found in archaeological excavation sites mixed with each other randomly. Therefore, classifying them manually is a difficult task and time consuming because they commonly exceed thousands of fragments. Thus, the aim of this study is to find a solution for classification of ancient pottery into groups by computer assistance. This is a preparatory stage for the next phase, which is the reconstruction of the archaeological fragments with high accuracy. To solve this problem, several steps must be taken, which are image segmentation via a proposed algorithm, and cluster the fragments into groups based on color and texture features. We proposed a novel algorithm that relies on the intersection of the RGB color between the archaeological fragments, and extraction of texture features from fragments based on Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) that include Energy, Contrast, Correlation and Homogeneity. Finally, by using both proposed algorithm for classifying the color feature, and Euclidean distance for classifying the texture feature, we can classify the fragments with a high accuracy. The algorithm was tested on a pottery database, and it achieved a success rate almost 95%, so we would like to point out that by using the proposed algorithms we achieved promising results.
Keywords:	RGB Color, Texture Feature, Archaeological Objects, GLCM, Intersection
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	IMPROVED AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL BASED ON THE ENERGY MODEL
Author:	ABDESLAM EL FERGOUGUI, ABDELLAH JAMALI, NAJIB NAJA, DRISS EL OUADGHIRI, ABDELLAH ZYANE
Abstract:	The QoS routing generates a significant number of control messages (overhead), which are necessary for the discovery and maintenance of routes. Indeed, the nodes must establish a mechanism to store and update the link-state in a mobile environment. This mobility in ad-hoc environment makes maintaining the link-state very difficult and costly. In addition to node mobility, lack of energy can cause breaks in the established paths, the protocol must be able to react quickly to such event by recalculating valid routes. In this paper we propose a management approach of routing based on one of the largest existing reactive routing protocols which is AODV, and able to minimize routing messages (overhead) in contexts with strong constraints. This approach takes into account a metric based on energy consumption during the route discovery, in order to increase the lifetime of the network, and also allows such applications to consider, when resources are lacking, the maintenance of QoS connections of users with the highest priority. The traditional mechanisms based on AODV aim to use parameters TTL ART,. . . for reduction of routing messages in the phase of route discovery and maintenance phase. However, it is conceivable that in certain application environments do not challenge these parameters for the overhead reduction, and to consider management rested on a policy of distribution of RREQ messages between mobile nodes, based on the energy level residual of each node, which allows more to extend the lifetime of the network for applications sensitive to energy use. This paper is structured in four sections. The first section provides a brief presentation on the reactive protocol AODV. The second section consists of a depth classification of the main algorithms that have influenced us, for reflection on the overhead reduction. As specified by the traditional approaches, we propose a modification of this management and we introduce this modification to the AODV protocol. The third section concerns the presentation of the proposed algorithm. The fourth section lies within the validation of our approach by simulations that we perform in different contexts, then we analyse the consequences of this modification.
Keywords:	Wireless computing; ad hoc; algorithm; routing protocols; validation; simulation.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	RISK BASED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR STAKEHOLDER QUANTIFICATION FOR VALUE BASED SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
Author:	MUHAMMAD IMRAN BABAR, MASITAH GHAZALI, DAYANG N.A. JAWAWI
Abstract:	Stakeholder identification and quantification (SIQ) is one of the core processes in software requirements engineering (RE). The significance of stakeholders becomes more vital when a software project is a value-based software (VBS) and the value-based requirements engineering (VBRE) is involved in it.VBS systems are developed based on business concepts in order to gain market leverage in terms of financial or economic benefits. Different SIQ approaches are presented in literature. However, most of the approaches are partially effective and SIQ process is still immature. The techniques are presented and applied under different conditions in order to monitor the performance of the approach. The presented techniques are vague and difficult to initiate. In this research, a decision support system is presented for stakeholders’ quantification. The proposed system predicts the risk associated with the stakeholders using back-propagation neural network (BPNN).
Keywords:	Value-based Software Systems, Stakeholders, Neural Networks, Decision Support System, Expert System.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	FACTORS AFFECTING CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN BUSINESS E-COMMERCE: A CASE OF INDONESIA
Author:	TOGAR ALAM NAPITUPULU, HENDRA CIPTA ADITOMO
Abstract:	The purpose of this research is to determine the factors that are first, significantly influence customer satisfaction and secondly, whether customer satisfaction affects customer loyalty including the magnitude of the influence, in e-commerce business. Several factors such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, customer risk perception, customer support, customer trust, promotion, information quality, transaction security, and brand image of e-commerce that influence satisfaction while buying from e-commerce sites were analyzed. Factors such as those mentioned above, which are commonly considered influencing customer satisfaction and customer loyalty through online shopping in other countries were hypothesized to be true in the case of Indonesia. Data obtained by using questionnaire that was distributed to random customers who ever purchased through e-commerce in Jakarta. The method uses Confirmatory Factor Analysis for the measurement model and Multiple Linear Regression analysis to test the structure of the relationship. The results show factors that affect customer satisfaction are: Perceived Usefulness, transactions security, Brand Image of E-Commerce, Information Quality, Customer Support, Customer Trust, and Promotion. Furthermore, customer satisfaction has significant impact on customer loyalty.
Keywords:	E-commerce; Factors; Customer Satisfaction; Customer Loyalty; Regression; Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	ENHANCING ROUGH SET THEORY ATTRIBUTES SELECTION OF KDD CUP 1999
Author:	HAMID H. JEBUR MOHD AIZAINI MAAROF, ANAZIDA ZAINAL
Abstract:	Attribute selection (Feature Selection) is a significant technique for data preprocessing and dimensionality reduction. Rough set has been used for attribute selection with great success. The optimal solution of rough set attribute selection is a subset of attributes called a reduct. Rough set uses approximation during reduction process to handle information inconsistency. However, some rough set approaches to attribute selection are inadequate at finding optimal reductions as no perfect heuristic can ensure optimality. Applying rough set for selecting the optimal subset of KDD Cup 1999 does not guarantee finding the optimal reduct of each class of this dataset due to the overlap between the lower and upper approximation of each class and the overlap between the reducts of all classes. This paper introduces a new approach to enhance the reduct of all classes by overcoming the overlap problem of rough set through adding union and voting attributes of all dataset classes as new reducts in addition to the normal reduct. The all reducts were evaluated by using different classification algorithms. The approach led to generate two generic attributes sets that achieved high and comparable accuracy rates as the normal attributes of rough set for the same dataset.
Keywords:	Rough set; Attribute selection; Reduct; approximations; KDD Cup 1999
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	BLOOM'S TAXONOMY QUESTION CATEGORIZATION USING RULES AND N-GRAM APPROACH
Author:	SYAHIDAH SUFI HARIS, NAZLIA OMAR
Abstract:	Bloom's Taxonomy is a classification of learning objectives within education that educators set for students. The cognitive domain within this taxonomy is designed to verify a student's cognitive level during a written examination. An experiment was designed to investigate student’s cognitive level, by developing rules to determine the categorization of questions based on Bloom's Taxonomy (BT). A sample of 135 questions collected from final examination past questions from FTSM, UKM. All questions has been analyzed by Computer Science subject matter experts to identify cognitive category based on BT. Rules are developed by analyzing the syntactic structure from the text questions. Next, some adjustment are made to utilize hybrid ability of rules and statistical approach. This rule-based approach applies Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to identify important keywords and verbs, which may assist in the identification of the category of a question. The advantage of this approach is that statistical classifier will assist the categorization when questions are not categorized by the rules. This approach gives better flexiblity when a set of 64 rules are developed for programming question domain. The result yeilds 86% for the average F1 for the hybrid technique. The outcome of this study suggest that the combined technique is capable of identifying the correct cognitive category of BT.
Keywords:	Programming questions, Bloom’s Taxonomy, hybrid technique, categorizing question
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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Title:	EXTRACTION OF ARABIC NESTED NOUN COMPOUNDS BASED ON A HYBRID METHOD OF LINGUISTIC APPROACH AND STATISTICAL METHODS
Author:	MARYAM AL-MASHHADANI, NAZLIA OMAR
Abstract:	Arabic noun compound are phrases that consist of two or more nouns. The key characteristic behind noun compounds lies on its frequent occurrences within the text. Therefore, extracting these noun compounds is essential for several domains of research such as Information Retrieval, Sentiment Analysis and Question Answering. Many research efforts have been proposed in terms of extracting Arabic noun compounds using linguistic approaches, statistical measures or a combination of both. Most of the existing methods have concentrated on the extraction of bi-gram or tri-gram noun compound. However, extracting 4-gram or 5-gram noun compound or nested noun compound is challenging due to the difficulty of selecting an appropriate method with effective results. Multiple features have a significant impact on the effectiveness of extracting noun compound such as contextual information, unit-hood and term-hood. Thus, there is still room for improvement in terms of enhancing the effectiveness of nested noun compound extraction. Therefore, this study proposed a combination of linguistic approach and statistical measures in order to enhance the extraction of nested noun compound. Several preprocessing steps are involved including transformation, normalization, tokenization, and stemming. The linguistic approach that have been used in this study is Part-of-Speech tagging. In addition, a new linguistic pattern for named entities has been utilized using a list of Arabic named entities in order to enhance the linguistic approach in terms of noun compound recognition. The proposed statistical measures consists of NC-value, NTC-value and NLC-value. The experimental results have demonstrated that NLC-value has outperformed NTC-value and NC-value regarding to nested noun compound extraction by achieving 83%, 76%, 72% and 65% for bigram, trigram, 4-gram and 5-gram respectively.
Keywords:	Multi-word Expressions, Noun Compound, Nested Noun Compound, Statistical method, POS tagging
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 30^th June 2015 -- Vol. 76. No. 3 -- 2015
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