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Journal receives papers in continuous flow and we will consider articles from a wide range of Information Technology disciplines encompassing the most basic research to the most innovative technologies. Please submit your papers electronically to our submission system at http://jatit.org/submit_paper.php in an MSWord, Pdf or compatible format so that they may be evaluated for publication in the upcoming issue. This journal uses a blinded review process; please remember to include all your personal identifiable information in the manuscript before submitting it for review, we will edit the necessary information at our side. Submissions to JATIT should be full research / review papers (properly indicated below main title).

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
20^thAugust 2014 | Vol. 66 No.2

Title:	MULTI-LEVEL AES DESIGN SECURITY: FROM SYSTEMC-TLM TO FPGA
Author:	HASSEN MESTIRI, YOUNES LAHBIB, MOHSEN MACHHOUT, RACHED TOURKI
Abstract:	Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptographic system are widely used in embedded systems to secure secret information. One of the most powerful cryptanalysis techniques against the cryptographic systems is the fault injection attacks. The complexity of cryptographic systems is increasing which requires fast security attacks simulation against fault injection attacks. The multi-level Electronic System Level approach is one promising candidate that allows models to reach higher simulation speed. It is known that the SystemC Transaction Level Modeling (TLM) package simulates models 1000 times higher than classical Register Transfer Level (RTL) simulators. In this paper, we present a secure reconfigurable AES design against the fault injection attacks at the Electronic System Level. Simulation results demonstrate that the simulation time is dependent of the fault detection schemes types. Moreover, The SystemC design is refined to RTL level. It is translated from SystemC description to a VHDL equivalent and implemented on Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA. Experimental synthesis results show that the secure reconfigurable AES design is very robust against fault injection attacks and the fault detection scheme information redundancy allows a trade-off between the hardware overhead and the security against fault injection attacks.
Keywords:	Security, Hardware, SystemC Design, Fault Detection Schemes, Electronic System Level.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HMSK AND SQFD ALGORITHMS FOR COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY (CT) IMAGE SEGMENTATION OF EFFECTIVE RADIOTHERAPY
Author:	V.V.GOMATHI, S.KARTHIKEYAN
Abstract:	Medical Image segmentation plays a significant role in many medical image processing for effective diagnosis. Manual segmentation of medical image by the radiologist is not only a tiresome and time consuming process, also not a very accurate with the increasing medical imaging modalities and unmanageable quantity of medical images. Therefore it is essential to examine current methodologies of image segmentation. Enormous research has been done in medical image segmentation, but it is still difficult to evaluate all the medical images. However the problem remains challenging, with no general and unique solution. In this paper, we present a HMSK (Hybrid Medoid shift and K-Means) algorithm and Signature Quadratic form distance (SQFD) algorithm for Computer tomography image segmentation. The performance of the two algorithms is investigated. Experimental results with real patient images indicate the SQFD algorithm is effective and efficient and reduce the number of fragments. Their pros and cons were analyzed and proposed SQFD algorithm for slices of CT images to give effective radiation therapy.
Keywords:	HMSK, SQFD, K-Means, Medical image segmentation, Computer tomography, Radiotherapy
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	PID CONTROLLER BASED FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION OF DC MOTOR WITH UNIPOLAR VOLTAGE SWITCHING
Author:	Mrs.P.KARPAGAVALLI , Dr. A. EBENEZER JEYAKUMAR
Abstract:	This paper deals with a method to improve the performance characteristics of the closed loop DC motor drive by using proportional integral derivative controller(PID) with Pulse width modulation(PWM) full bridge DC-DC converter .The PID parameters are found by Zeigler- Nichols PID tuning method with uniploar voltage switching technique is implemented. The overall system is modeled in MATLAB / SIMULINK software, where different modes of operation were presented and discussed. . In the proposed method, RMS ripple output voltage is reduced and also high power factor is achieved in the AC input line current. The design of the speed controller for four quadrant operation of the closed loop DC Motor has proved successfully runs at close to the reference speed.
Keywords:	DC Motor, DC-DC converters, PWM, Four quadrant operation. Unipolar voltage switching, PID controller, Ziegler- Nichols method.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	ELM BASED DETECTION OF ABNORMALITY IN RETINAL IMAGE OF EYE DUE TO DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Author:	T.VANDARKUZHALI , DR.C.S RAVICHANDRAN
Abstract:	Efficient detection of blood vessels for retinal vasculature disorder analysis paves way for important roles in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy. It can be done by the comparison of the states of retinal blood vessels. This paper proposes a method for the Retinal image analysis by efficiently detecting the retinal blood vessels and recognizes the retina to be normal or abnormal. The proposed work uses an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) approach and Probabilistic Neural Network for blood vessel detection in digital retinal images. Feature extraction is done on retinal image by the application of Discrete Wavelet Transform. The green channel is selected for image analysis to extract vessels accurately. This approach is based on pixel classification using a 7-D feature vector obtained from pre-processed retinal images and given as input to an ELM. ELMs parameters can be analytically determined rather than being tuned. Simulated results will be shows that the blood vessels can be effectively detected from retina images with parametric evaluation to measure the algorithm efficiency.
Keywords:	Retinal Images, Diabetic Retinopathy, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	ENHANCED AD HOC ON DEMAND MULTIPATH DISTANCE VECTOR FOR MANETS
Author:	VINAY KUMAR, Prof.(Dr.) C.RAM.SINGLA
Abstract:	Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) include wireless devices communicating over bandwidth-constrained links with nodes being free to move, join or leave network. Limited range wireless communication and node mobility ensure that nodes cooperate with each other to network and with underlying network, dynamically changing to meet needs continually. This research investigates performance of a highly dynamic mobile network using Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol under various active route timeout and proposes a Link Quality based improved AOMDV (LQ-AOMDV) routing protocol modeled on how quickly link changes occur and optimizes protocol overheads. Quality of Service (QoS) parameters are measured and compared to AOMDV routing protocol.
Keywords:	Mobile adhoc networks (MANETs), Adhoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), Link Quality (LQ) and Quality of Service (QoS).
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	REDUCED COMPLEXITY ADJACENT PHASE SEQUENCE MATRIX BASED PAPR OPTIMIZATION IN OFDM SYSTEMS
Author:	M. PALANIVELAN, SHEILA ANAND
Abstract:	Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation scheme used in high speed communication systems. OFDM system is being extensively used in several broadband communication systems like Wireless local area network (WLAN), Worldwide interoperability for Microwave access (Wi-Max), Digital video broadcasting (DVB) and Digital audio broadcasting (DAB). However, the limiting factor remains the occurrence of high Peaks in OFDM signals, when transmitted through power amplifier causes in-band and out-of-band distortion and increase in Bit error rate (BER). The most popular quantification metric of envelope variation of OFDM signal is the Peak-To- Average Power Ratio (PAPR). The reduction in PAPR is desirable in order to obtain power efficiency of the amplifier. This paper proposes an efficient Adjacent Phase Sequence Matrix (APSM) method that is based on special matrices (Circulant, Riemann, Hilbert and Hadamard) for optimizing PAPR of OFDM signals. The proposed technique does not require the transmission of side information to the receiver for original phase recovery. Further, the proposed technique reduces computational and phase search complexity. The proposed scheme has been analyzed with random data, image and audio input to validate multimedia requirements. The results show that the proposed scheme offers better PAPR reduction and BER performance.
Keywords:	Adjacent Phase Sequence Matrix (APSM), Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF), Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), APSM-Circulant (APSM-Ci), APSM-Riemann (APSM-Ri), APSM-Hilbert(APSM-Hi), APSM-Hadamard(APSM-Ha).
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE USING SUDOKU PUZZLE AND ECC ALGORITHM FOR SECURED DATA TRANSMISSION
Author:	DHANYA JOB, VARGHESE PAUL
Abstract:	Nowadays, Data transmission is becoming very important among humans. So there are many modes of data transmission introduced. Some of the modes of data transmission are through copper wires, wireless channels, computer buses, etc. Though there are certain modes of transmission, secured data transmission is an important thing what everyone needs, because everyone wants their data to transmit securely. But secured data transmission is still an important problem everyone is facing nowadays. So to overcome this problem, we have introduced a image Steganography technique using Sudoku puzzle and ECC algorithm for secured data transmission. Image Steganography refers to the process of hiding the data into image, while ECC algorithm helps to convert the original data into secret code. In the proposed method, the image Steganography is done using Sudoku puzzle. So, this method not only hides the data, but it also converts the original data into secret code. Thus, by combining these two techniques the data will be more securely transferred by the method. The proposed mechanism will be developed with the aid of the platform MATLAB.
Keywords:	Image Steganography, Sudoku puzzle, ECC algorithm
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	SIFT FEATURE EXTRACTION COMBINING FACE AND FINGER KNUCKLE RECOGNITION PROCESS
Author:	E.S.SHAMEEM SULTHANA, DR.S.KANMANI
Abstract:	This paper addresses the novel way for biometric image identification using scale invariant feature transforms. We have split the authentication process into two phases starting with face detection using distance comparison measures followed by finger knuckle recognition phase. The data base chosen for this work uses the combination of face and figure knuckle of a same person with the data size of about 100 users. The SIFT features makes the similarity analysis of face and finger knuckle combined together to authenticate a person. The key point detector of SIFT combines the detector of face and finger knuckle and make fixed detector points in the training image data sets. The different Gaussian filters are applied on the various key point detectors with difference in scales.
Keywords:	Sift, Face Recognition, Finger Knuckle Recognition, Space Sift Comparison
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	STATISTICAL MACHINE TRANSLATION FOR INDONESIAN-GERMAN SIGN LANGUAGE
Author:	FRIDY MANDITA, TONI ANWAR
Abstract:	In the world of sign language, development has yielded significant results in recent years. Much of the research in the field of sign language has been done. Mostly, the research has designed for signer-independent schema that contains sign language and video corpus of signers. Although there are many studies in the field of sign language, but rarely there is research to translate from sign language to another sign language. This paper, contributes to the research about translating words from Indonesian-German Sign Language. For the translation process a Markov model and the parsing tree method to translate the words are used. Two different methods namely a binary search algorithm and a binary search algorithm with Markov model are used for the process of translating a word which derived from the input. A database that contains the list of words used in daily conversations is prepared. A binary search algorithm and Markov models given a better result when translated single words when are compared with a binary search algorithm. However, binary search algorithm give a good result two or more words are translated.
Keywords:	Sign language, Markov model, parsing tree, binary search algorithm.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	ENERGY EFFICIENT TRAFFIC CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT IN WIRELESS NETWORKS
Author:	D.SYLVIA, JEEVAA KATIRAVAN, D.SRINIVASA RAO
Abstract:	Wireless communication has seen rapid technological advancements in recent years. Wireless mesh network and ad-hoc network are types of wireless networks. Both are multihop networks: in wireless ad hoc networks the mobility of the relay nodes is very high when compared to the low mobility of the relay nodes in wireless mesh networks. These multihop networks depend on the relay nodes for packet transmission and therefore the network lifetime time is an important consideration in these networks. The residual energy of the nodes should be high enough, such that the network life time is extended and therefore improve the traffic carrying capacity of the network. Data from malicious nodes also tend to use the network energy and due consideration is to prevent the malicious nodes from using the energy and bandwidth of the network. In this paper, an energy efficient secure routing is proposed with the primary objective of improving the traffic carrying capacity of the network .The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is shown using extensive simulations.
Keywords:	Wireless Networks, Cooperative Communication, Energy Efficiency, Capacity improvement
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	ENHANCING THE DIGITAL DATA RETRIEVAL SYSTEM USING NOVEL TECHNIQUES
Author:	S.GOWRI, G.S.ANANDHA MALA, G.DIVYA
Abstract:	The increase of crime rate around the globe projects the accuracy lag in the current techniques which are followed in process of retrieving and analyzing stored information in the cache gathered from varied channels of communication systems for the digital investigation systems. Taking these accuracy lags as a primary issue the principle objective for the development of this strategically organized system by renewing the existing procedural oriented system and to develop a genuine and a user-friendly framework on crime related information mining system which is mainly objected to extract and inspect appropriate information from cache memory which assimilates emails, chat threads and any text messages for the discovery of the criminal tasks and solve the enigma with the help of the validity concealed within the data. This procedural orientated system is built by merging of the three aspects employed to the data which is given as the input for textual evidencing which are the mails, text messages, chat threads, etc. The three procedural features are, the segregation of the body and header part of the textual corpuses containing all kinds of textual proofs from variety of communication channels which is accomplished using PHP script concept of regular expressions and along with which preprocessing of text to the body portion of the input corpus is done by stemming and tokenization processes, in order to increase the reliability in the text mining process and for the convenience to the forensic departments of investigation in criminology. The final aspect is the search technique implemented in this methodology which is built for the most highly effective and efficient data retrieval process. Even though the followed procedure is an ancient technique in this procedure which is the segregation of body and header in a mail, the primary aspect of this methodology focuses on building an efficient search engine for the purpose of effectiveness in retrieval. For the effective search engine a hybrid algorithm inherited from various other old searching algorithms is used for improvement of the system. This algorithm constitutes of three features mainly; it uses bit-parallelism simulation of the suffix automaton of xR, it is the alternative form of the Reverse Factor algorithm and if the pattern length is not longer than the memory-word size of the system efficiency in rate of retrieval is high. A procedural methodical would be bought by the utilization of this kind of technique to improvise the existing system initiating the searching system which is highly efficacious; the efficiency of this algorithm for searching is evidenced by its complexity of time and memory and with its values of precision and recall. Integrating all the factors specified would assist in easier reviewing of the text documents.
Keywords:	Textual evidences, tokenization, Stemming, Information retrieval, Preprocessing.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	DUALISTIC SIDE BY SIDE ENDORSEMENT OF MULTICAST PROTOCOL BY DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN MANET
Author:	P.MANJULA
Abstract:	Source authentication and message integrity become a fundamental requirement for ad-hoc network. Clustering is an effective technique to reduce overhead and ensure scalability which we are using in this paper. The proposed work is new Tiered [11] Authentication scheme for Multicast traffic (TAM), using dynamic clustering algorithm .The algorithm modifies Weighted Clustering Algorithm (WCA) with mobility prediction. The weighted Clustering Algorithm itself is enhanced with the use of mobility prediction in the Cluster Maintenance phase. Meanwhile the nodes are mobile in MANET maintenance is essential. Effective exploitation of power, minutest depletion of Bandwidth, Additional Stable Clusters by using WCA helps in improving the QOS in MANETS.
Keywords:	MANET, TAM, Clustering, Weighted Clustering Algorithm, Mobility Prediction.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING FLY ASH (FA), RISE HUSK ASH (RHA) AND EGG SHELL POWDER (ESP)
Author:	M. SIVAKUMAR, Dr.N. MAHENDRAN
Abstract:	This research centers around the growth of the strength and permeability attributes of concrete by optimal substitution of cement with joint ratio of Fly ash (FA) and Rice husk ash (RHA) with Synthesis Egg shell powder (ESP). Two categories of ash such as fly ash, rice husk ash with four distinct contents of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% in terms of weight were performed for the substitution of cement and addition of a persistent 5% egg shell powder in every substitution. At first we have evaluated the physical and chemical attributes of fly ash, rice husk ash and egg shell powder. The restraints considered for analysis included compressive strength, splitting tensile power, flexure force, water permeability, sorptivity, total charge-passed acquired from swift chloride permeability test (RCPT) and tempo of chloride ion diffusion according to the diffusion coefficient. However, assessment results accomplished underscore the point that strength and permeability properties of concrete significantly jumping up to 30% of cement substitution by combined FA (15%), RHA (15%) with additive ESP (5%), and subsequently tends to drop down with every supplementary accumulation of substitution outside this level.
Keywords:	Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash, Egg Shell Powder, Compressive Strength, Sorptivity
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	DISCLOSURE OF NON-FINANCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT PUBLIC SERVICES ON THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN INDONESIA
Author:	DWI MARTANI, DIAN NASTITI, PANGGAH TRI WICAKSONO
Abstract:	This paper aims to contribute to Indonesian country-level analysis of non-financial disclosures in the public sector by assessing non-financial disclosures determinants in Indonesian municipals’ websites. Beginning with a content analysis of the websites of 434 Indonesian local government which data is gathered using a checklist developed based on the government regulation no. 38/2007 on the segregation of duties between central and local government, this study continues with a regression analysis to determine the impact of educational level, municipals’ wealth, size and financial independence to the level of the municipals’ non-financial disclosures on their websites. The content analysis shows that only less than 10% municipals disclose information about women and community empowerment programs, anti-corruption programs and environmental related issues, while more than 50% disclose information about the geographical area, the areas’ potentials and tourism attractiveness. Observation on the independent variables reveals that educational level, municipals’ wealth and size significantly affect the degree of non-financial information disclosures in the municipals’ website. Based on the findings, this paper concludes with two policy recommendations. Firstly, the central government needs to establish recommendations and law to generate similar level of non-financial disclosures in the municipals’ websites. Lastly, it seems necessary that in developing the recommendations, the central government needs to pay more attention to the information which is lacking of disclosures such as women and community empowerment, anti-corruption programs and environmental issues.
Keywords:	Non-Financial Disclosures, Municipals’ Website, Public Sector Accountability, Transparency
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	OPTIMAL TUNING OF PID POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER FOR MULTI MACHINE POWER SYSTEM USING HARMONY SEARCH ALGORITHM
Author:	ABDUL HAMEEDKALIFULLAH, S.PALANI
Abstract:	This paper presents a novel Meta heuristic Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) to tune optimal gains of a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) type multiple stabilizers for multi machine power system. The problem of robustly tuning of PID based multiple stabilizer design is formulated as an optimization problem according to the time domain-based objective function which is solved by Harmony Search Algorithm ( HSA) that has a strong ability to find the most optimistic results. To demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed stabilizers, the design process takes a wide range of operating conditions and system configuration into account. The effectiveness of the proposed stabilizer is demonstrated through nonlinear simulation studies and some performance indices on a four- machine two areas power system in comparison with the Conventional Power System Stabilizers(CPSS) and PSO based optimized PID type stabilizers (PSO PSS). The results of these studies show that the proposed HSA based optimized PID type stabilizers have an excellent capability in damping power system inter-area oscillations and enhance greatly the dynamic stability of the power system for a wide range of loading conditions. The results obtained using the proposed method are much superior than those obtained by CPSS and PSOPSS based tuned stabilizers in terms of accuracy, convergence and computational effort.
Keywords:	Harmony Search Algorithm, Power System Stabilizer, Power System Stability
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	A NOVEL IMPROVED GRADIENT NOISE TOLERANT METHOD FOR ENHANCED EDGE DETECTION
Author:	N. ANANDAKRISHNAN LT. DR. S. SANTHOSH BABOO
Abstract:	Edge Detection is the process of identifying the sharp changes that occur in the brightness of an image. In order to study the objects in an image it is necessary that the Edges are clear and predictable which is not the case in real time images. Identifying Edges becomes a tedious process when real time images are considered. An Improved Gradient Noise Tolerant (IGNT) method involves the processes of observing the fine details of the image by omitting the irrelevant data including the noisy data and detecting the edges of the objects and features in the image using Preprocessing, Thresholding, Binarization and Feature Extraction, which are experimented, analyzed and the results obtained are discussed in this paper.
Keywords:	Otsu’s method, Edge Detection, threshold, features, object, LoG, Canny, pyramid.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	A ROBUST STEGANOGRAPHY APPROACH WITH HIGH EMBEDDING CAPACITY USING UNIQUE VALUE EMBEDDING AND CODEBOOK
Author:	SARDJOENI MOEDJIONO, ACHMAD RIFAI, TEDDY MANTORO
Abstract:	Steganography is the art of hiding data and an effort to conceal the existence of the embedded information. There are a lot of data to be embedded such as text, image, audio, and video. An information hiding system is characterized by having three different aspects that contend with each other. These are capacity, security, and robustness. In steganography area, the common method used to hide a secret data is LSB (Least Significant Bit). LSB provides the high embedding capacity, however, when the secret data is larger than cover data, the cover data would be dramatically distorted. The distorted cover data can attract the attacker to perform steganalysis method. This study is carried out to overcome the embedding capacity problem without producing a significant distortion in cover data. The experiment is tested by hiding audio signals in image file. The idea is to convert the audio signals into native data representation (unsigned integer 8) and to find its unique values. The image will be modeled its codebook in order to obtain a great embedded image quality using LBG (Linde Buzo Gray) algorithm. The result shows a high PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) for extracted audio file and low RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) for image file.
Keywords:	Audio signals, Steganography, LBG, LSB, Codebook, Embedding capacity.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	OPTIMIZATION OF I-PD CONTROLLER PARAMETERS WITH MULTI OBJECTIVE PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
Author:	S J SUJI PRASAD, R. MEENAKUMARI, P A BALAKRISHNAN
Abstract:	I-PD controller is one of the variants of PID controller that eliminates proportional and derivative kick. In this paper, the effect of I-PD controller with the Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) method for a first order integrating system with delay is presented. The performance of PSO optimized I-PD controller is analyzed with individual objective functions such as; overshoot, rise time, settling time, and compared against integrated multi objective function with weighted aggregation approach. The simulation study reveals that the MOPSO based I-PD controller results in elimination of overshoot, reduction in Integral Square Error (ISE) and Integral Absolute Error (IAE) compared to PSO I-PD with settling time as an objective function.
Keywords:	I -PD Controller, Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO), Objective Function, Overshoot, Rise Time, Settling Time.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	VANETs AND ITS RELATED ISSUES: AN EXTENSIVE SURVEY
Author:	JATAU ISAAC KATUKA, MUHAMMAD SHAFIE ABD. LATIFF
Abstract:	Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is a type of ad hoc network whereby its nodes are represented by vehicles. It originated from the desire to ensure drivers comfort and safety in road transportation so as to reduce the risk of accidents on the roads. VANETs have some unique features that make it different from MANETs in terms of characteristics, architecture, applications and challenges. This paper presents an extensive survey on VANETs and issues that are common so as provide necessary information and insight to developers and researchers in this field of research. The paper begins with ad hoc networks and ends with tools for VANETs simulation.
Keywords:	Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments, Mobile Ad hoc Networks, Flying Ad hoc Networks, Intelligent Transport Service, Vehicular Ad hoc Networks, Routing
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	PROFICIENT KEY TREE STRUCTURE FOR DYNAMIC MULTICAST GROUPS
Author:	USHA DEVI G, WAHIDHA BANU RSD
Abstract:	Most of the group key management schemes focus on reducing the update messages. Majority of the groups are dynamic in nature and large. To assuage the scalability problem, various key structures have been proposed. In dynamic multicast groups, key updates are complicated since group members join and leave at any time. Hierarchical tree structure is suitable for maintaining multicast group members and keys. If the member wishes to join, it sends request to the Group Centre (GC) or Key Server. The Server authenticates the member and assigns an inimitable ID, which is later inserted into the tree. Similarly, the Server adjusts the tree when the member leaves from the group. Forward and backward secrecy are ensured by updating the keys whenever a join/leave request is handled called re-keying. Proficient Key Tree structure is proposed to reduce the number of re-keying operations during join/leave operations. This tree structure has two parts namely the upper part called quad tree at few levels which has at most four children and the lower part called a binary tree which has at most two children. With this structure, experimental results show that the costs are reduced compared to the full binary key tree approach.
Keywords:	Proficient Key Tree Structure, Re-keying, Quad level, Multicast Groups.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	EVALUATION OF EDF AND RM SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS: CHOICES AND TRADEOFFS
Author:	V.KAVITHA, Dr. V.KANNAN AND Dr. S.RAVI
Abstract:	Since the first results published in 1973 by Liu and Layland on the Rate Monotonic (RM) and Earliest Deadline First (EDF) algorithms, a lot of progress has been made in the schedulability analysis of periodic task sets. Priority based real time scheduling algorithms such as RM and EDF have been analyzed extensively in this literature to achieve optimized results in real rime operations. In the paper, RM and EDF scheduling techniques have been used, analyzed and compared based on different parameters in real time environment and these traditional priority scheduling algorithms are analyzed by addressing the following metrics: Best case response time, Worst case response time, response time jitter and latency. Past work has been extended in this direction by characterizing the behavior of the scheduling algorithms in detail using theoretical analysis as well as experimental evaluation. The results of this analysis can be used to control design choices for real time systems. Various issues have been presented on which there is still a need to work.
Keywords:	EDF, Jitter, Latency, priority scheduling, Response time, RM
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	PROFICIENT ALGORITHM FOR SUPERIOR WARNING MESSAGE BROADCAST IN VANET
Author:	S. CLOUDIN, NIDHIN AS, K.KOMATHY
Abstract:	In the past few decades, the number of vehicles on road has been rapidly increasing. Due to this high density of vehicles, road accidents and the potential threats on road are also increasing. To reduce these factors, VANET technology which uses moving car as nodes in a network to create a mobile network is adapted to enhance the vehicular technology by disseminating messages to each other. Since vehicles have high mobility, warning messages have to be quickly disseminated in order to reach maximum number of vehicles on road. The notification to the nearby vehicle is simply done by broadcasting the messages, which is retransmitted over and again by the vehicles simultaneously to other nearby vehicles. Selection of a set of forwarding nodes is a challenging task. In this work, a Cell Structured Broadcast Modeling Algorithm (CSBMA) is proposed to design a virtual hexagon network to remove the broadcast storm problem in real urban scenarios. The proposed work is a sender-initiated broadcast approach in which a sender estimates its neighbor location with a non-geometric broadcast approach and selects a set of forwarding candidate nodes located at the boundary of sender’s nodes based on communication area overlap values. A simple random backoff mechanism is also proposed to reduce the packet collisions.
Keywords:	Mobility Models, Broadcast Storm Problem, Warning Message Dissemination, VANET, Non-Geometric Approach, Virtual Hexagon-Based Coverage, Boundary Node Estimation.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	GEOGRAPHIC RELAY REGION BASED POWER AWARE ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Author:	M. VIJU PRAKASH, B. PARAMASIVAN
Abstract:	Power aware routing is a powerful localized routing scheme for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to its scalability and efficiency. Maintaining neighborhood information for packet forwarding may not be suitable for WSNs in highly dynamic scenarios. Beacon-based protocols are maintaining neighbor information but does not comply on energy efficiency. We propose a novel routing scheme, called Geographic Relay Region based Power Aware Routing (GRRR), which can provide energy efficient, loop-free, stateless, sensor-to-sink power aware routing without the help of prior neighborhood information. In this routing scheme, each node first announces its next-hop optimum relay position on the straight line toward the sink and each node computes its quality value based on the residual power and distance between the optimum relay regions. Forwarder node is elected by the source based on quality value communicated using Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send (RTS/CTS) handshaking mechanism. We establish the conditions for guaranteed delivery for sensor-to-sink routing, assuming no packet loss and no failures in greedy forwarding. We extend this scheme to lossy sensor networks to provide stable and efficient routing in the presence of unreliable communication links. Simulation results show that GRRR outperforms existing protocols with highly dynamic network topologies.
Keywords:	Wireless Sensor Networks, Power-Aware Geographic Routing, Optimum Search Relay Region, Lossy Sensor Networks.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	MEMORABILITY RATES OF GRAPHICAL PASSWORD SCHEMES
Author:	OBASAN ADEBOLA OLUKAYODE, NORAFIDA ITHNIN, OLUMIDE SIMEON OGUNNUSI
Abstract:	Passwords authentication has become a widely recognized element of computer security for confirming users’ identity before access can be granted or repudiated to an intended information contents or applications of the system. Graphical password schemes are a login option that use images instead of alphanumeric strings for the purpose of user authentication. This alternative means of authentication is mainly designed to achieve good memorability and secutity of any choosen passwords based on widely known superiority effect of images over random strings. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of graphical password schemes and reports a memorability comparison between them. It also highlights how different memory tasks affect the graphical passwords and the relationship between them.
Keywords:	Graphical Password, Authentication, Memorability, Memory Tasks
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	WAVELET THRESHOLDING AND FUSION FOR ULTRASOUND MEDICAL IMAGE DE-NOISIING
Author:	P.V.V.KISHORE, S.R.C.KISHORE, A.S.C.S.SASTRY, R.SRI RAM
Abstract:	Ultrasound medical images are a source of visual information regarding the health condition of human body. This non invasive diagnostics technique is most widely used by doctors around the globe has been in use for quite some time now. However, the ultrasound medical image quality is severely hampered due to the presence of speckle components that invade the ultrasound image. Noise presence in ultrasound images greatly reduces the visual information related to internal body parts. This research proposes wavelet based soft and hard thresholding techniques for removing speckle noise form ultrasound medical images. Thresholding operation is a global processing technique which will damage the objects of interest in the US images. To restore the lost visual quality due to global thresholding, wavelet based fusion of original ultrasound image and thresholded ultrasound image is performed. This procedure restores the lost object information in the thresholded ultrasound images. Evaluation of fusion rules for the proposed process is done using fusion factor and fusion symmetry. The overall performance of the proposed techniques is computed using mean square error (mse) and peak signal to noise ratio (psnr).
Keywords:	Ultrasound Medical Image, Speckle Noise, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Soft and Hard Thresholding, Wavelet based Fusion.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM: AN IMPROVED ARCHITECTURE TO REDUCE FALSE POSITIVE RATE
Author:	P.BRINDHA, Dr.A.SENTHILKUMAR
Abstract:	Counting Bloom Filter (CBFs) is widely employed in networking applications. They support membership queries with minimal error and surmount the drawback of Bloom filters. However, they engross large amount of memory. A new Sidon sequence based CBF is introduced to improve the competency of the CBFs. Unlike CBF, the hashed Variable increment is queried for its present. This method achieves 24% of the improvement in false positive rate and a lower inundate probability bound than CBF. The proposed work is described in Verilog and simulated using Xilinx 12.1. The functional block is implemented as hardware using Virtex 4 (XC4VSX25) Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). It is observed that the hardware complexity and memory overhead increases, which could be a trade-off for improving FPR in order to increase the Network Security.
Keywords:	Intrusion Detection, Bloom Filter, Sidon sequence, Counting Bloom filter, False Positive Rate.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	OPTIMAL MAPPING MODE FOR XILINX FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY DESIGN FLOW
Author:	MEHDI JEMAI, SONIA DIMASSI, BOURAOUI OUNI, ABDELLATIF MTIBAA
Abstract:	The design mapping mode has a large impact on FPGA designs in terms of performance, area, and power dissipation. Existing Xilinx FPGA design flow offers to designers three mapping modes. Each mode has its advantages and its drawbacks. To address this problem, in this paper, we have used these three Xilinx design mapping approaches to map set applications. Next, we have evaluated design results provided by each design mapping approach. Next, a comparative study between these design mapping modes has been presented. Finally, we have extracted the weak and the strong points of each design mapping mode.
Keywords:	Design mapping mode; Xilinx FPGA device; FPGA Reconfiguration Zone; reconfigurable Module.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	SOAP: SENSITIVE OPERATIONAL ATTRIBUTE PATTERN BASED VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS FOR BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE USING RULE SETS
Author:	S. SENTHIL KUMAR, DR.M.PRABHAKARAN
Abstract:	The development of internet technology opens the gate for most business solutions to be performed online; for example online shopping, fund transfer, banking process and etc. The problem is, how secure the transactions performed online and what security metrics considered by service providers. By providing online services, the providers of service have great deal of securing user information’s and business data from malicious users. There are chances for variety of internet attacks, to degrade the service performance or malfunctioning the user information. Now a day, there is a high frequency of online stealing of user information and anonymous transfer of funds from personal accounts. We propose a naval approach to safeguard the services, information of both personal and corporate from malicious attacks. The proposed SOAP approach which groups services according to the type of attributes they access and how the services are completed. We use service rule sets using which a service access matrix is computed to find out malicious service accesses. Finally we generate set of vulnerability patterns based on service access matrix and rule set.
Keywords:	Vulnerability, Service Access Matrix, Business Intelligence, Operational Attribute.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	GRAY CO-EFFICIENT MASS ESTIMATION BASED IMAGE SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUE FOR LUNG CANCER DETECTION USING GABOR FILTERS
Author:	K.SANKAR, DR.M.PRABAKARAN
Abstract:	Lung cancer detection techniques have been discussed widely in the medical domain; where the location and presence of cancer has to be identified from low level X-Rays or medium level Scans. Still the accuracy of detection depends on the medical practitioner or the automatic detection system. Whatever it is, the process has defects in identifying LCD and the accuracy of identification is highly questionable due to the false positive results provided. There are many features and techniques have been proposed earlier for detection of LCD, we propose a new mass estimation technique with gray co-efficient values based on which segmentation is performed. The proposed method removes the noise present in the input image using Gabor filter. The efficiency of Gabor filter helps to improve the image quality, and then we compute the gray co-efficient mass estimation for each of the pixel from image. Based on computed mass value of each pixel, the segmentation is performed. The segmentation process uses mass threshold, using which the pixel is selected for LCD process. The selected pixels are used to form the region for LCD and to produce results to the user. The proposed approach has produced efficient results with less false results, also reduces the time complexity.
Keywords:	Gabor Filter, Image segmentation, Mass Estimation, LCD Detection.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	SHAPING AN EXPERTS LOCATOR SYSTEM: RECOMMENDING THE RIGHT EXPERT
Author:	NASSER ALHOSAN, AYHAM FAYYOUMI, HOSSAM FARIS
Abstract:	Experiences and knowledge inside any organization is a high valued resource. In order to utilize this resource, organizations should facilitate the knowledge sharing process between experts and others. Experts-locator systems recommend experts within the organization. However, current systems does not take into account the responsiveness of experts in providing support when requested. The proposed system ranks and recommends experts based on factors such as experience duration, experience level, number of projects, and more importantly, number of sent emails as a responsiveness indicator. Delphi technique was followed to identify and weight the factors. The prototype system has been experimented and results indicate that ranking formula is useful to recommend more responsive experts.
Keywords:	Knowledge Management, Knowledge Sharing, Experts-locator Systems, Responsiveness
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	SUBJECTIVE SYMMETRICAL SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE FOR WEB TRAFFIC MINING
Author:	S.G.SHRINIVAS, DR. N.M. ELANGO
Abstract:	Traffic classification has received significant attention due to the capability of blocking unwanted transfer of complex information. One of the important decisions that have to be made while constructing a classification model is to employ learning approach. Hierarchical Distributed Peer-to-Peer (HP2PC) architecture grouped to form higher level neighborhoods but elaborated technique were not adopted to handle bidirectional traffic and was not extended to dynamic structure. Cluster-Adaptive Distance Bound (CADB) based on separating hyper plane boundaries of Voronoi clusters facilitate resourceful spatial filtering, with relatively small preprocessing storage. The storage overhead was in a way addressed using the Euclidean and Mahalanobis similarity measures but effective attribute selection was not applied to solve the issue related to distance bounds. To overcome the bidirectional traffic problem with dynamic structure Subjective Symmetrical Support Vector Machine (SS-SVM) mechanism is developed. A hybrid attribute selection algorithm is designed which pre-filters (i.e., Classifies) the attributes with improved (refers to subjective symmetry) Support Vector Machine and solve the related distance bounds problem. After classifying the attributes with SS-SVM, the best attributes are further selected and then generates the attribute value. SS-SVM algorithm assigns higher values to the attributes that are capable to generate data report from minority and majority class. Moreover, SS-SVM for flow-based attribute selection in traffic classification is applied. Subjective Symmetrical mechanism experimented with factors such as classification rate, true positive rate, attribute selection efficiency, memory consumption, and report generation effectiveness. Subjective Symmetrical mechanism improves averagely the attribute selection up to 6 % when compared with the state-of-art methods.
Keywords:	Web Traffic classification, Support Vector Machine, Subjective Symmetry, Bidirectional traffic, Hybrid Attribute Selection Algorithm
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	ATTRIBUTE VALUE PAIRS BASED ON DISCERNIBILITY MATRIX FOR OUTLIERS DETECTION
Author:	MISINEM, AZURALIZA ABU BAKAR, ABDUL RAZAK HAMDAN, FAIZAH SHAARI
Abstract:	Outlier mining is one important task in data mining and it has always been receiving attention from many researchers. The detection of outliers is found useful in many real applications like fraud detection and network intrusion. There are many outlier detection methods found in literature which include the frequent pattern generation and Rough Set based outlier detection. Although many methods have been proposed in data mining, the problems in detecting outliers efficiently continue especially in many real applications, due to the high dimensionality of huge data sets and high computational in processing. In this study, we proposed a method to detect outliers by discovering interesting attribute value pairs based on the Discernibility Attribute Value Matrix (DAV) in Rough Set Theory (RS). Interesting attribute value pairs (avp) are generated from the DAV Matrix. Two measures which are the support and interest value are used to measure the interestingness of the attributes. In order to detect outliers, a new measurement called the DAV Outlier factor (DAVOF) is proposed. In addition, an Average Ratio (AR), which measures the performance of the outlier detection method is also proposed. The DAV algorithm (DAVAlg) is compared with the FindFPOF and RSetAlg methods. The result shows that the DAVAlg outperforms the other two methods.
Keywords:	Outliers Detection, Discernibility Attribute Value (DAV) Matrix, Attributes Value Pairs (avp)
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	INCREASING PERFORMANCE OF SAC-OCDMA BY COMBINE OFDM TECHNIQUE
Author:	A. O. ALDHAIBANI, S. A. ALJUNID, M. S. ANUAR, AR ARIEF
Abstract:	Optical CDMA playing significant roles to extend from local area networks to longer span telecommunication type networks. In order to play a significant role in these longer span with higher data rate networks. Optical CDMA code Prefer to have OFDM technique. In this letter, combine SAC-OCDMA with OFDM, operate high data rates and propagate with high fidelity over fiber links. The design of hybrid system with code weight equal to 2 for operation at 10 Gb/s and evaluate their propagation over an existing 100 km network link by means optisystem software. The proposed system using multi diagonal (MD) code gives a good performance based on bit error rate (BER) and long distance. As a result, the BER improved 10^-4 for the OFDM-OCDMA than conventional OCDMA systems at distance 100 Km, as well as the data rate reached to 10 Gbps with desired bit error rate (BER).
Keywords:	Spectrum Amplitude code OCDMA; OFDM; MD.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	AUTOMATIC LIGHTNING WHISTLER DETECTION USING CONNECTED COMPONENT LABELING METHOD
Author:	KOMANG SETIA DHARMA, I PUTU AGUNG BAYUPATI, PUTU WIRA BUANA
Abstract:	The Earth’s atmosphere contains many natural phenomena, one of them is lightning whistler. This phenomena is electromagnetic waves that occurs shortly after the occurrence of lightning and it propagates in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. It propagates with different speed resulting sound like a whistling at radio frequency and is commonly known as whistler wave. Some benefits on this research of whistler wave is for global communications, lightning geolocation, ground-to-satellite communications, satellite protection and many more. An effort to analyze the whistler waves is to detect patterns of whistling from whistler wave. For being able to detect the pattern of whistler, it must be converted into spectrogram image. In the detection process, spectrogram image goes through a noises removal process using image processing methods such as adaptive thresholding method, median filter and opening method. Noises removal process aims to remove or reduce the noises in the spectrogram image. Then, spectrogram image will be labeled and detected using connected component labeling method, the detection results are waves pattern that has marked with red border boxes and also a number of wave patterns detected. By using image processing, connected component labeling method and then applied with Matlab programming language, the pattern of whistler can be detected easily and faster.
Keywords:	Whistler Wave, Connected Component Labeling, Image Processing.
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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Title:	PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CROSS LAYER BASED AODV PROTOCOL USING MULTIPATH GATEWAY ROUTE DISCOVERY FOR MANETS
Author:	K. PALANI, P. RAMAMOORTHY
Abstract:	The quality of service is a fundamental attribute of MANETs that makes an impression on the performance of the network, when connected to the internet. Several authors have proposed some solutions to improve the performance of the integration of mobile ad hoc network and internet to achieve effective data services at high data rates. A gateway node is needed in this case to establish connection between mobile ad hoc networks and internet. The usage of AODV routing protocol faces problems like establishing a long route, time delay and breakage of routes, which leads to perform degradation in the Quality of Service parameters. This paper focus on the development of a multipath gateway route discovery scheme using a cross layer based AODV protocol. The performance analysis of this protocol brings out a better quality of service for data transfer between MANETs and internet environment.
Keywords:	MANET, Multipath gateway Route Discovery, CBAODV Protocol, QoS parameters, Routing Discovery Time, Retransmission Attempts and throughput
Source:	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2014 -- Vol. 66. No. 2 -- 2014
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